Stimulant drugs, or “smart drugs,” may provide a short-term mental
boost for college students looking to ace their finals, but misusing
these drugs can cause long-term harm to the brain, according to a new
study published in the journal
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience.
Illegally
taking stimulant prescription drugs, such as Ritalin, has grown more
popular among college and high-school students who are trying to meet
strict academic requirements, keep up in an increasingly competitive job
market, and cope with the pressure to become successful, the
researchers said. According to the study’s press release, “more than one
million American students misuse prescription drugs or take illegal
stimulants to increase attention span, memory, and capacity to stay
awake.”
The lasting side effects of taking these drugs
include impairments in working memory, multitasking ability, and
attentional flexibility—“skills that become very important in the
workforce and managing the many demands and stressors of modern adult
life,” said study author Kimberly Urban, Ph.D., in an interview with
Healthline.
“These medications have been developed to treat
specific illnesses, and are well suited for that intended purpose,”
Urban said. “However, because they were developed to treat illnesses,
they may have very different effects on healthy brains.”
“A
short-term bump in studying prowess, or a bit more energy, or a slightly
better grade in a class are not worth risking permanent damage to the
brain,” Urban added.
Learn About the Nine Most Addictive Prescription Drugs on the Market
Stimulants and Their Effect on the Developing Brain
In
this study, researchers focused on three types of stimulant drugs:
methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta), moda?nil (Provigil), and
ampakines.
“Ritalin is particularly interesting because it is one
of the most commonly prescribed medications for children,” Urban said.
“There had been no work attempted to examine how this drug might affect a
normal young brain, even though it is often abused and prescribed with
increasing ease and frequency. So we decided to examine on a cellular
basis the possible effects on normal, adolescent brains.”
Methylphenidate,
used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is one
of the most common drugs misused by young people and sold on the black
market, the researchers said. According to
survey results released
by Drugfree.org and MetLife Foundation, about 1.9 million teens report
having misused stimulants, including Ritalin, in the past year, and 1.3
million report having misused Ritalin or other stimulants in the past
month. Trials on rats have shown that methylphenidate is particularly
damaging when the brain is still developing.
Modafinil, a
treatment for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders that works by
promoting wakefulness, is another popular "smart drug." The drug raises
dopamine levels in the brain and can improve pattern-recognition memory,
number recall, and the ability to solve mathematical problems,
researchers said. However, if abused, it can cause long-term
impairments similar to those caused by methylphenidate.
While not
yet FDA-approved, ampakines are a new class of drugs currently being
investigated as treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
ADHD, Rett syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, autism and Angelman
syndrome. These drugs have also been studied by the U.S. military to
enhance alertness for soldiers in high-stress, extended-combat
situations, the study authors said.
“Doses of ampakines given to
humans thus far have been tightly controlled,” they wrote. “If the drug
became available as a cognitive enhancer, or reached the black market,
individuals could easily exceed safe doses and suffer neuronal damage
from glutamate toxicity.”
Learn More About Stimulant Medications and Kids
Is Taking 'Smart Drugs' Cheating?
With
the increasing popularity of these drugs among high-school and college
students, researchers have begun not only considering the long-term
effects of these medications, but also questioning whether taking such
drugs to enhance cognitive ability is considered cheating.
According to a
study presented
at the Pediatric Academic Societies annual meeting in Vancouver,
British Columbia, about one in five students at an Ivy League college
reported using stimulant drugs, such as Adderall, for academic purposes,
and one-third of those students said they did not consider it cheating.
The
study showed that 69 percent of Ivy League college students who used
stimulants took them to write an essay, 66 percent took smart drugs to
help them study for an exam, and 27 percent said they took the drugs
right before taking a test.
However, only about 40 percent of
these students said they believed taking stimulants to enhance
performance was unethical, about 30 percent did not see it as a form of
cheating, and 25 percent were unsure, according to the press release.
Students’ Take on Using 'Smart Drugs'
Kevin Palmer, a senior at New Mexico State University, said he took Adderall once to get through finals.
“About
three hours after taking it, I had written an eight-page paper, which
is extremely fast for me,” Palmer said in an interview with Healthline.
“I
think it's just like any other drug or vice where too much of something
can be a bad thing,” Palmer said. “I think most of the students using
it in this way are usually trying to make up for their lack of effort
earlier in their semesters. Of course in some cases, it really is a
matter of competition to get the ‘A,’ and you do what it takes.”
A recent graduate from the University of Texas (UT), who wishes to remain anonymous, also shared his opinion.
“Every
semester during finals I would take Adderall for a couple nights of
studying,” he said. “I tried Ritalin and liked it, but it didn't help
clear my exam stress. Adderall helped me focus a lot. I could go hours
and hours reading and memorizing flash cards for courses I knew would
never benefit me in the future.”
The UT graduate said he took
stimulants because he lacked the motivation to study something he didn’t
care about and that he didn’t see anything wrong with the practice.
"During the time they were extremely necessary for the type of stress and studying that came with college exams,” he said.
How to Bring About Change
Urban
said that—in order to keep adolescents off smart drugs—more stringent,
reliable diagnostic criteria for determining who suffers from cognitive
disorders like ADHD needs to be established.
“These medications
should likely be a final resort and not the first course of treatment
sought,” Urban said. “We are not clinicians, however, and cannot detail
exactly how a diagnosis should be made.”
“We also need to educate
young people on the risks of abusing these drugs, and teach them the
skills needed to critically evaluate research into these drugs so that
they can make informed decisions for themselves,” she said.
As
for future research, Urban said a wide variety of studies, cognitive
tests, and experiments with animal models are still needed.
“The
understanding of how these drugs act in young brains versus adult brains
is still very rudimentary, and is a very large gap in the research and
scientific knowledge that needs to be addressed by multiple teams with
many different skills and areas of expertise if we are to discover the
exact risks and benefits of these drugs,” she said.
Read this article at Healthline.com